He delves into the move toward clean energy solutions, including advanced nuclear and hydrogen, while driving industrialised processes to maximise efficiency and reduce waste.. Intersectoral connectivity and innovation.

a much lower approach temperature compared to dry air coolers (similar kW/m.This is because cooling towers utilise evaporative cooling where water and air mix, improving heat exchange compared to the limitations of a dry air cooler coil.

It's worth noting that cooling towers range in height from 4 to 8m tall compared to up to 3m of height for DAC and HDAC, which helps to improve the capacity of the cooling tower.. DEC & IAC units:.While achieving low approach temperatures, their heat rejection capacity per unit volume is typically lower.This is because they rely solely on air cooling, and air has a lower specific heat capacity than water.. HDAC units:.

These units present a trade-off between approach temperature and capacity per unit volume.The graph shows both operating modes of the same size HDAC unit providing two different heat rejection capacities.. Air-cooled chiller (Free Cooling):.

This option is included in the graph, but the chiller size is at a disadvantage because it incorporates additional components beyond just the heat unit (chiller) such as evaporators, compressors, condensers, and, in some cases, a CHW pump.

However, some air-cooled chillers achieve results comparable to dry air coolers.. All adiabatic plants require water treatment equipment and water storage, which, based on the installation and resilience required, can be considerable.These are the driving principles of P-DfMA and industrialised construction more generally..

Automation in construction.In terms of maximising value, we must also address the reality that at present, the majority of an architect or designer’s time is spent documenting ideas, whereas in actuality, it is the creation of the idea in the first place which is the most value-adding element.

One benefit of standardising components and adopting a P-DfMA approach is that we can document the rules around those components.This in turn means we’re able to automate the design process (to a certain level), or certainly automate the production of the BIM model.. Standardising components and digitising workflows enables architects and designers to spend more time generating ideas and better designs, more time performing simulation and testing.